ZMB Member Tienush Rassaf

ZMB Member
Tienush Rassaf

Next ZMB-Member
Tienush Rassaf portrait
© UME

Prof. Dr. Tienush Rassaf

University Hospital Essen
Hufelandstraße 55
45147 Essen

Research Overview

  • Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion syndrome
  • Ischemic pre- and postconditioning
  • Hypoxic vasodilation
  • NO-metabolism
  • Hypoxic nitrite signaling
  • Cardio-oncology

Read more

Selected Publications

    Journal articles

  • Sundermeyer, Jonas; Kellner, Caroline; Beer, Benedikt N.; Besch, Lisa; Dettling, Angela; Bertoldi, Letizia Fausta; Blankenberg, Stefan; Dauw, Jeroen; Dindane, Zouhir; Eckner, Dennis; Eitel, Ingo; Graf, Tobias; Horn, Patrick; Jozwiak-Nozdrzykowska, Joanna; Kirchhof, Paulus; Kluge, Stefan; Linke, Axel; Landmesser, Ulf; Lüdike, Peter; Lüsebrink, Enzo; Majunke, Nicolas; Mangner, Norman; Maniuc, Octavian; Winkler, Sven Möbius; Nordbeck, Peter; Orban, Martin; Pappalardo, Federico; Pauschinger, Matthias; Pazdernik, Michal; Proudfoot, Alastair; Kelham, Matthew; Rassaf, Tienush; Scherer, Clemens; Schulze, Paul Christian; Schwinger, Robert H. G.; Skurk, Carsten; Sramko, Marek; Tavazzi, Guido; Thiele, Holger; Villanova, Luca; Morici, Nuccia; Westenfeld, Ralf; Winzer, Ephraim B.; Westermann, Dirk; Schrage, Benedikt
    Association between left ventricular ejection fraction, mortality and use of mechanical circulatory support in patients with non-ischaemic cardiogenic shock
    In: Clinical Research in Cardiology Vol. 113 (2024) Nr. 4, pp. 570 - 580
  • Anker, Markus S.; Rassaf, Tienush; Zamorano, José L.; Khan, Muhammad Shahzeb; Landmesser, Ulf
    Cardiac wasting and cancer
    In: European Heart Journal Vol. 45 (2024) Nr. 34, pp. 3135 - 3137
  • Tocchetti, Carlo Gabriele; Farmakis, Dimitrios; Koop, Yvonne; Andres, Maria Sol; Couch, Liam S.; Formisano, Luigi; Ciardiello, Fortunato; Pane, Fabrizio; Au, Lewis; Emmerich, Max; Plummer, Chris; Gulati, Geeta; Ramalingam, Sivatharshini; Cardinale, Daniela; Brezden-Masley, Christine; Iakobishvili, Zaza; Thavendiranathan, Paaladinesh; Santoro, Ciro; Bergler-Klein, Jutta; Keramida, Kalliopi; de Boer, Rudolf A.; Maack, Christoph; Lutgens, Esther; Rassaf, Tienush; Fradley, Michael G.; Moslehi, Javid; Yang, Eric H.; De Keulenaer, Gilles; Ameri, Pietro; Bax, Jeroen; Neilan, Tomas G.; Herrmann, Joerg; Mbakwem, Amam C.; Mirabel, Mariana; Skouri, Hadi; Hirsch, Emilio; Cohen-Solal, Alain; Sverdlov, Aaron L.; van der Meer, Peter; Asteggiano, Riccardo; Barac, Ana; Ky, Bonnie; Lenihan, Daniel; Dent, Susan; Seferovic, Petar; Coats, Andrew J.S.; Metra, Marco; Rosano, Giuseppe; Suter, Thomas; Lopez-Fernandez, Teresa; Lyon, Alexander R.
    Cardiovascular toxicities of immune therapies for cancer : a scientific statement of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC and the ESC Council of Cardio-Oncology
    In: European Journal of Heart Failure Vol. 26 (2024) Nr. 10, pp. 2055 - 2076
  • Sundermeyer, Jonas; Kellner, Caroline; Beer, Benedikt N.; Besch, Lisa; Dettling, Angela; Bertoldi, Letizia Fausta; Blankenberg, Stefan; Dauw, Jeroen; Dindane, Zouhir; Eckner, Dennis; Eitel, Ingo; Graf, Tobias; Horn, Patrick; Jozwiak-Nozdrzykowska, Joanna; Kirchhof, Paulus; Kluge, Stefan; Linke, Axel; Landmesser, Ulf; Luedike, Peter; Lüsebrink, Enzo; Majunke, Nicolas; Mangner, Norman; Maniuc, Octavian; Möbius Winkler, Sven; Nordbeck, Peter; Orban, Martin; Pappalardo, Federico; Pauschinger, Matthias; Pazdernik, Michal; Proudfoot, Alastair; Kelham, Matthew; Rassaf, Tienush; Reichenspurner, Hermann; Scherer, Clemens; Schulze, Paul Christian; Schwinger, Robert H.G.; Skurk, Carsten; Sramko, Marek; Tavazzi, Guido; Thiele, Holger; Villanova, Luca; Morici, Nuccia; Winzer, Ephraim B.; Westermann, Dirk; Gustafsson, Finn; Schrage, Benedikt
    Clinical presentation, shock severity and mortality in patients with de novo versus acute-on-chronic heart failure-related cardiogenic shock
    In: European Journal of Heart Failure Vol. 26 (2024) Nr. 2, pp. 432 - 444
  • Mavrakis, E; Vlachopoulou, D V; Bohnen, J B; Rudolph, I R; Jungen, Christiane; Rattka, M R; Mathew, Shibu; Rassaf, Tienush
    Comparison of pulsed field ablation versus cryoballon and radiofrequency ablation for pulmonary vein isolation in atrial fibrillation patients with heart failure
    In: European Heart Journal Vol. 45 (2024) Nr. Supplement_1,
  • Haj-Yehia, Elias; Mincu, Raluca I.; Korste, Sebastian; Lampe, Lena; Margraf, Simone M.; Michel, Lars; Mahabadi, Amir A.; Ferdinandy, Péter; Rassaf, Tienush; Totzeck, Matthias
    High neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio is associated with cancer therapy-related cardiovascular toxicity in high-risk cancer patients under immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy
    In: Clinical Research in Cardiology Vol. 113 (2024) Nr. 2, pp. 301 - 312
  • Anker, Stefan D.; Friede, Tim; von Bardeleben, Ralph Stephan; Butler, Javed; Khan, Muhammad Shahzeb; Diek, Monika; Heinrich, Jutta; Geyer, Martin; Placzek, Marius; Ferrari, Roberto; Abraham, William T.; Alfieri, Ottavio; Auricchio, Angelo; Bayes-Genis, Antoni; Cleland, John G.F.; Filippatos, Gerasimos; Gustafsson, Finn; Haverkamp, Wilhelm; Kelm, Malte; Kuck, Karl-Heinz; Landmesser, Ulf; Maggioni, Aldo P.; Metra, Marco; Ninios, Vlasis; Petrie, Mark C.; Rassaf, Tienush; Ruschitzka, Frank; Schäfer, Ulrich; Schulze, P. Christian; Spargias, Konstantinos; Vahanian, Alec; Zamorano, Jose Luis; Zeiher, Andreas; Karakas, Mahir; Koehler, Friedrich; Lainscak, Mitja; Öner, Alper; Mezilis, Nikolaos; Theofilogiannakos, Efstratios K; Ninios, Ilias; Chrissoheris, Michael; Kourkoveli, Panagiota; Papadopoulos, Konstantinos; Smolka, Grzegorz; Wojakowski, Wojciech; Reczuch, Krzysztof; Pinto, Fausto J.; Zmudka, Krzysztof; Kalarus, Zbigniew; Adamo, Marianna; Santiago-Vacas, Evelyn; Ruf, Tobias Friedrich; Gross, Michael; Tongers, Joern; Hasenfuß, Gerd; Schillinger, Wolfgang; Ponikowski, Piotr
    Percutaneous repair of moderate-to-severe or severe functional mitral regurgitation in patients with symptomatic heart failure : Baseline characteristics of patients in the RESHAPE-HF2 trial and comparison to COAPT and MITRA-FR trials
    In: European Journal of Heart Failure Vol. 26 (2024) Nr. 7, pp. 1608 - 1615
  • Stolz, Lukas; Kresoja, Karl-Patrik; von Stein, Jennifer; Fortmeier, Vera; Koell, Benedikt; Rottbauer, Wolfgang; Kassar, Mohammad; Goebel, Bjoern; Denti, Paolo; Achouh, Paul; Rassaf, Tienush; Barreiro-Perez, Manuel; Boekstegers, Peter; Rück, Andreas; Doldi, Philipp M.; Novotny, Julia; Zdanyte, Monika; Adamo, Marianna; Vincent, Flavien; Schlegel, Philipp; von Bardeleben, Ralph-Stephan; Stocker, Thomas J.; Weckbach, Ludwig T.; Wild, Mirjam G.; Brunner, Stephanie; Toggweiler, Stefan; Grapsa, Julia; Patterson, Tiffany; Thiele, Holger; Kister, Tobias; Konstandin, Mathias H.; Van Belle, Eric; Metra, Marco; Geisler, Tobias; Estévez-Loureiro, Rodrigo; Lüdike, Peter; Karam, Nicole; Maisano, Francesco; Lauten, Philipp; Praz, Fabien; Kessler, Mirjam; Kalbacher, Daniel; Rudolph, Volker; Iliadis, Christos; Lurz, Philipp; Hausleiter, Jörg
    Residual tricuspid regurgitation after tricuspid transcatheter edge-to-edge repair : Insights into the EuroTR registry
    In: European Journal of Heart Failure Vol. 26 (2024) Nr. 8, pp. 1850 - 1860
  • Desch, Steffen; Zeymer, Uwe; Akin, Ibrahim; Behnes, Michael; Duerschmied, Daniel; Rassaf, Tienush; Mahabadi, Amir Abbas; Lehmann, Ralf; Eitel, Ingo; Graf, Tobias; Seidler, Tim; Schuster, Andreas; Thevathasan, Tharusan; Skurk, Carsten; Clemmensen, Peter; Hennersdorf, Marcus; Fichtlscherer, Stephan; Voigt, Ingo; Seyfarth, Melchior; John, Stefan; Ewen, Sebastian; Linke, Axel; Tigges, Eike; Nordbeck, Peter; Bruch, Leonhard; Jung, Christian; Franz, Jutta; Lauten, Philipp; Noc, Marko; Fuernau, Georg; Feistritzer, Hans-Josef; Pöss, Janine; Kirchhof, Eva; Ouarrak, Taoufik; Schneider, Steffen; Freund, Anne; Thiele, Holger
    Routine extracorporeal life support in infarct-related cardiogenic shock : 1-year results of the ECLS-SHOCK trial
    In: European Heart Journal Vol. 45 (2024) Nr. 39, pp. 4200 - 4203
  • Lüsebrink, Enzo; Binzenhöfer, Leonhard; Hering, Daniel; Villegas Sierra, Laura; Schrage, Benedikt; Scherer, Clemens; Speidl, Walter S.; Uribarri, Aitor; Sabate, Manel; Noc, Marko; Sandoval, Elena; Erglis, Andrejs; Pappalardo, Federico; De Roeck, Frederic; Tavazzi, Guido; Riera, Jordi; Roncon-Albuquerque, Roberto; Meder, Benjamin; Lüdike, Peter; Rassaf, Tienush; Hausleiter, Jörg; Hagl, Christian; Zimmer, Sebastian; Westermann, Dirk; Combes, Alain; Zeymer, Uwe; Massberg, Steffen; Schäfer, Andreas; Orban, Martin; Thiele, Holger
    Scrutinizing the Role of Venoarterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation : Has Clinical Practice Outpaced the Evidence?
    In: Circulation Vol. 149 (2024) Nr. 13, pp. 1033 - 1052
  • Sundermeyer, Jonas; Kellner, Caroline; Beer, Benedikt N.; Besch, Lisa; Dettling, Angela; Bertoldi, Letizia Fausta; Blankenberg, Stefan; Dauw, Jeroen; Dindane, Zouhir; Eckner, Dennis; Eitel, Ingo; Graf, Tobias; Horn, Patrick; Jozwiak-Nozdrzykowska, Joanna; Kirchhof, Paulus; Kluge, Stefan; Linke, Axel; Landmesser, Ulf; Lüdike, Peter; Lüsebrink, Enzo; Majunke, Nicolas; Mangner, Norman; Maniuc, Octavian; Möbius-Winkler, Sven; Nordbeck, Peter; Orban, Martin; Pappalardo, Federico; Pauschinger, Matthias; Pazdernik, Michal; Proudfoot, Alastair; Kelham, Matthew; Rassaf, Tienush; Scherer, Clemens; Schulze, Paul Christian; Schwinger, Robert H. G.; Skurk, Carsten; Sramko, Marek; Tavazzi, Guido; Thiele, Holger; Villanova, Luca; Morici, Nuccia; Winzer, Ephraim B.; Westermann, Dirk; Schrage, Benedikt
    Sex-related differences in patients presenting with heart failure–related cardiogenic shock
    In: Clinical Research in Cardiology Vol. 113 (2024) Nr. 4, pp. 612 - 625
  • Kassar, Mohammad; Brugger, Nicolas; Stolz, Lukas; Gerçek, Muhammed; Fortmeier, Vera; Kresoja, Karl-Patrik; von Stein, Jennifer; Koell, Benedikt; Rottbauer, Wolfgang; Goebel, Bjoern; Denti, Paolo; Achouh, Paul; Rassaf, Tienush; Barreiro-Perez, Manuel; Boekstegers, Peter; Rück, Andreas; Zdanyte, Monika; Adamo, Marianna; Vincent, Flavien; Schlegel, Philipp; von Bardeleben, Ralph-Stephan; Wild, Mirjam G.; Toggweiler, Stefan; Konstandin, Mathias H.; Van Belle, Eric; Metra, Marco; Geisler, Tobias; Estévez-Loureiro, Rodrigo; Lüdike, Peter; Karam, Nicole; Maisano, Francesco; Lauten, Philipp; Kessler, Mirjam; Kalbacher, Daniel; Iliadis, Christos; Lurz, Philipp; Windecker, Stephan; Hausleiter, Jörg; Rudolph, Volker; Praz, Fabien
    The prognostic value of the Dandel's index in patients undergoing tricuspid transcatheter edge-to-edge repair
    In: European Journal of Heart Failure (2024) in press
  • Wernhart, Simon; Goertz, Annika; Hedderich, Juergen; Papathanasiou, Maria; Hoffmann, Julia; Rassaf, Tienush; Lüdike, Peter
    Diastolic exercise stress testing in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction : The DEST-HF study
    In: European Journal of Heart Failure Vol. 25 (2023) Nr. 10, pp. 1768 - 1780
  • Schrage, Benedikt; Sundermeyer, Jonas; Beer, Benedikt Norbert; Bertoldi, Letizia; Bernhardt, Alexander; Blankenberg, Stefan; Dauw, Jeroen; Dindane, Zouhir; Eckner, Dennis; Eitel, Ingo; Graf, Tobias; Horn, Patrick; Kirchhof, Paulus; Kluge, Stefan; Linke, Axel; Landmesser, Ulf; Lüdike, Peter; Lüsebrink, Enzo; Mangner, Norman; Maniuc, Octavian; Winkler, Sven Möbius; Nordbeck, Peter; Orban, Martin; Pappalardo, Federico; Pauschinger, Matthias; Pazdernik, Michal; Proudfoot, Alastair; Kelham, Matthew; Rassaf, Tienush; Reichenspurner, Hermann; Scherer, Clemens; Schulze, Paul Christian; Schwinger, Robert H.G.; Skurk, Carsten; Sramko, Marek; Tavazzi, Guido; Thiele, Holger; Villanova, Luca; Morici, Nuccia; Wechsler, Antonia; Westenfeld, Ralf; Winzer, Ephraim; Westermann, Dirk
    Use of mechanical circulatory support in patients with non-ischaemic cardiogenic shock
    In: European Journal of Heart Failure Vol. 25 (2023) Nr. 4, pp. 562 - 572
  • Totzeck, Matthias; Michel, Lars; Lin, Yi; Herrmann, Joerg; Rassaf, Tienush
    Cardiotoxicity from chimeric antigen receptor-T cell therapy for advanced malignancies
    In: European Heart Journal Vol. 43 (2022) Nr. 20, pp. 1928 - 1940
  • Michel, Lars; Helfrich, Iris; Hendgen-Cotta, Ulrike Barbara; Mincu, Raluca-Ileana; Korste, Sebastian; Mrotzek, Simone Maria; Spomer, Armin; Odersky, Andrea; Rischpler, Christoph; Herrmann, Ken; Umutlu, Lale; Coman, Cristina; Ahrends, Robert; Sickmann, Albert; Löffek, Stefanie; Livingstone, Elisabeth; Ugurel, Selma; Zimmer, Lisa; Gunzer, Matthias; Schadendorf, Dirk; Totzeck, Matthias; Rassaf, Tienush
    Targeting early stages of cardiotoxicity from anti-PD1 immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy
    In: European Heart Journal Vol. 43 (2022) Nr. 4, pp. 316 - 329
  • Lüdike, Peter; Heusch, Gerd; Rassaf, Tienush
    The RUHR Heart Failure Network : Improved heart failure care in a metropolitan area
    In: European Heart Journal Vol. 43 (2022) Nr. 45, pp. 4675 - 4676
  • Mrotzek, Simone M.; Lena, Alessia; Hadzibegovic, Sara; Ludwig, Ria; Al-Rashid, Fadi; Mahabadi, Amir Abbas; Mincu, Raluca I.; Michel, Lars; Johannsen, Laura; Hinrichs, Lena; Schuler, Martin; Keller, Ulrich; Anker, Stefan D.; Landmesser, Ulf; Rassaf, Tienush; Anker, Markus S.; Totzeck, Matthias
    Assessment of coronary artery disease during hospitalization for cancer treatment
    In: Clinical Research in Cardiology Vol. 110 (2021) Nr. 2, pp. 200 - 210
  • Leppert, Florian; Siebermair, Johannes; Wesemann, Ulrich; Martens, Eimo; Sattler, Stefan M.; Scholz, Stefan; Veith, Stefan; Greiner, Wolfgang; Rassaf, Tienush; Kääb, Stefan; Wakili, Reza
    The INFluence of Remote monitoring on Anxiety/depRession, quality of lifE, and Device acceptance in ICD patients : A prospective, randomized, controlled, single-center trial
    In: Clinical Research in Cardiology Vol. 110 (2021) Nr. 6, pp. 789 - 800
  • Rassaf, Tienush; Heusch, Gerd
    The West German heart and vascular center at university medicine Essen
    In: European Heart Journal Vol. 42 (2021) Nr. 10, pp. 963 - 964
  • Dykun, Iryna; Mahabadi, Amir Abbas; Rassaf, Tienush
    A clinical perspective on the 2019 ESC/EAS guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: PCSK-9 inhibitors for all?
    In: European Heart Journal Vol. 41 (2020) Nr. 24, pp. 2331
  • Balcer, B; Dykun, Iryna; Hendricks, Stefanie; Al-Rashid, Fadi; Totzeck, Matthias; Rassaf, Tienush; Mahabadi, Amir Abbas;
    Anemia increases long-term mortality in patients undergoing conventional coronary angiography – the ECAT registry
    ESC Congress 2020 – The Digital Experience 29 August – 1 September 2020,
    In: European Heart Journal Vol. 41 (2020) Nr. Supplement_2, pp. 1508
  • Settelmeier, Stephan; Rassaf, Tienush; Giannitsis, Evangelos; Münzel, Thomas; Breuckmann, Frank
    Capacity changes in German certified chest pain units during COVID-19 outbreak response
    In: Clinical Research in Cardiology Vol. 109 (2020) Nr. 12, pp. 1469 - 1475
  • Totzeck, Matthias; Siebermair, Johannes; Rassaf, Tienush; Rischpler, Christoph
    Cardiac fibroblast activation detected by positron emission tomography/computed tomography as a possible sign of cardiotoxicity
    In: European Heart Journal Vol. 41 (2020) Nr. 9, pp. 1060
  • Michel, Lars; Rassaf, Tienush; Totzeck, Matthias
    Evaluating biomarkers as predictors of cancer therapy cardiotoxicity : All you need is a meta-analysis? Reply
    In: European Journal of Heart Failure Vol. 22 (2020) Nr. 7, pp. 1285 - 1286
  • Rassaf, Tienush; Totzeck, Matthias; Backs, Johannes; Bokemeyer, Carsten; Hallek, Michael; Hilfiker-Kleiner, Denise; Hochhaus, Andreas; Lüftner, Diana; Müller, Oliver J.; Neudorf, Ulrich; Pfister, Roman; von Haehling, Stephan; Lehmann, Lorenz H.; Bauersachs, Johann
    Onco-Cardiology : Consensus Paper of the German Cardiac Society, the German Society for Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Defects and the German Society for Hematology and Medical Oncology
    In: Clinical Research in Cardiology (2020)
  • Michel, Lars; Mincu, Raluca I.; Mahabadi, Amir Abbas; Settelmeier, Stephan; Al-Rashid, Fadi; Rassaf, Tienush; Totzeck, Matthias
    Troponins and brain natriuretic peptides for the prediction of cardiotoxicity in cancer patients : a meta-analysis
    In: European Journal of Heart Failure Vol. 22 (2020) Nr. 2, pp. 350 - 361
  • Merz, Simon F.; Korste, Sebastian; Bornemann, Lea; Michel, Lars; Stock, Pia; Squire, Anthony; Soun, Camille; Engel, Daniel Robert; Detzer, Julia; Lörchner, Holger; Hermann, Dirk M.; Kamler, Markus; Klode, Joachim; Hendgen-Cotta, Ulrike B.; Rassaf, Tienush; Gunzer, Matthias; Totzeck, Matthias
    Contemporaneous 3D characterization of acute and chronic myocardial I/R injury and response
    In: Nature Communications Vol. 10 (2019) Nr. 1, pp. 2312
  • Merz, Simon F.; Korste, Sebastian; Bornemann, Lea; Michel, Lars; Stock, Pia; Squire, Anthony; Soun, Camille; Engel, Daniel Robert; Detzer, Julia; Lörchner, Holger; Hermann, Dirk M.; Kamler, Markus; Klode, Joachim; Hendgen-Cotta, Ulrike B.; Rassaf, Tienush; Gunzer, Matthias; Totzeck, Matthias
    Publisher Correction: Contemporaneous 3D characterization of acute and chronic myocardial I/R injury and response
    In: Nature Communications Vol. 10 (2019) Nr. 1, pp. 2768
  • Totzeck, Matthias; Mahabadi, Amir Abbas; Schlosser, Thomas Wilfried; Rassaf, Tienush
    Weightlifting unmasks high-risk coronary anomaly
    In: European Heart Journal Vol. 40 (2019) Nr. 1, pp. 72
  • Rammos, Christos; Hendgen-Cotta, Ulrike B.; Totzeck, Matthias; Pohl, Julia; Lüdike, Peter; Flögel, Ulrich; Deenen, René; Köhrer, Karl; French, Brent A.; Gödecke, Axel; Kelm, Malte; Rassaf, Tienush
    Impact of dietary nitrate on age-related diastolic dysfunction
    In: European Journal of Heart Failure Vol. 18 (2016) Nr. 6, pp. 599 - 610
  • Heusch, Gerd; Rassaf, Tienush
    Time to Give Up on Cardioprotection? : A Critical Appraisal of Clinical Studies on Ischemic Pre-, Post-, and Remote Conditioning
    In: Circulation Research Vol. 119 (2016) Nr. 5, pp. 676 - 695
  • Rassaf, Tienush; Totzeck, Matthias; Hendgen-Cotta, Ulrike B.; Shiva, Sruti; Heusch, Gerd; Kelm, Malte
    Circulating nitrite contributes to cardioprotection by remote ischemic preconditioning
    In: Circulation Research Vol. 114 (2014) Nr. 10, pp. 1601 - 1610
  • Kehmeier, Eva S.; Lepper, Wolfgang; Kropp, Martina; Heiss, Christian; Hendgen-Cotta, Ulrike B.; Balzer, Jan; Neizel, Mirja; Meyer, Christian; Merx, Marc W.; Verde, Pablo E.; Ohmann, Christian; Heusch, Gerd; Kelm, Malte; Rassaf, Tienush
    TNF-α, myocardial perfusion and function in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction and primary percutaneous coronary intervention
    In: Clinical Research in Cardiology Vol. 101 (2012) Nr. 10, pp. 815 - 827